{
  "schemaVersion": "1.0",
  "id": "https://elect-learn.org/zh/lesson/12-common-fault-map/",
  "url": "https://elect-learn.org/zh/lesson/12-common-fault-map/",
  "markdownUrl": "https://elect-learn.org/zh/lesson/12-common-fault-map/index.md",
  "jsonUrl": "https://elect-learn.org/zh/lesson/12-common-fault-map/index.json",
  "language": "zh",
  "title": "常见故障排查地图",
  "description": "把没电、跳闸、发热、误接放在一张决策地图里，复习前 11 课。",
  "kind": "lesson",
  "safetyNotice": "学习参考：不同国家/地区的电气规范、许可和验收主体差异很大，本课程不替代当地法规、持证培训、现场许可或主管部门要求。任何实操前都应断电、验电，并遵守当地 AHJ/监管机构和雇主流程。",
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "section-1",
      "heading": "课程信息",
      "paragraphs": [
        "实操流程 · 综合 · 30 min",
        "综合排故",
        "交互演示"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "section-2",
      "heading": "现象只是入口，证据才决定下一步。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "过流保护关注电流是否过大；剩余电流保护关注流出与流回是否平衡。"
      ],
      "items": [
        "记录：哪里、何时、什么条件下发生。",
        "区分过流、漏电、开路与连接异常。",
        "重复跳闸、焦味、外壳麻感：停止使用并报告。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "section-3",
      "heading": "学习目标",
      "items": [
        "用症状分类排查方向。",
        "复用断电验电、万用表、保护装置和接线逻辑。",
        "识别必须停止并升级处理的红线。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "section-4",
      "heading": "厨房一排插座没电",
      "paragraphs": [
        "咖啡机不工作，附近几个插座也没电，配电箱断路器看起来没跳。",
        "错误判断: 马上拆第一个插座找断线。",
        "停手边界: 先从外部、保护装置和安全信号排查，不直接拆带电设备。",
        "推理路径: 检查 GFCI 复位、断路器完全 OFF/ON、负载和潮湿；必要时断电后沿上游连接点排查。",
        "复习: 综合考点：GFCI 下游、断路器状态、开放中性线、松动连接和安全停手。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "section-5",
      "heading": "完整知识点",
      "items": [
        "先按症状分流：没电、跳闸、发热、误接、间歇性。",
        "排查顺序从低风险外部检查到高风险内部检查。",
        "每一步都要问：现在是否已经需要停止并找持证人员？"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tool-multimeter",
      "heading": "数字万用表",
      "paragraphs": [
        "测量电压、连续性和电阻，用来验证现象而不是猜测。",
        "误用与边界: 把表笔插错孔或量程选错，可能烧表或造成危险。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tool-tester",
      "heading": "非接触验电笔",
      "paragraphs": [
        "快速筛查是否可能带电，适合做第一道提醒。",
        "误用与边界: 不能单独作为无电证明，最后仍要用合适仪表确认。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tool-wire-nut",
      "heading": "压线帽",
      "paragraphs": [
        "把合适数量和规格的导线机械连接并绝缘。",
        "误用与边界: 规格不匹配、铜线未齐或未拉拽检查，都会造成松动。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tool-breaker",
      "heading": "断路器",
      "paragraphs": [
        "在过载或短路时切断回路，保护导线。",
        "误用与边界: 不能用更大安培数断路器掩盖跳闸问题。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tool-gfci",
      "heading": "GFCI 插座",
      "paragraphs": [
        "检测漏电流差异并快速切断，常见于潮湿区域。",
        "误用与边界: LINE/LOAD 接反会让下游保护或复位行为异常。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tool-box",
      "heading": "接线盒",
      "paragraphs": [
        "容纳接线、固定器件并保护连接点。",
        "误用与边界: 盒内过满、无盖或连接点裸露都是常见隐患。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "section-12",
      "heading": "常见误区",
      "items": [
        "跳过 GFCI 和断路器状态检查。",
        "在焦味、发热或火花出现后继续测试。",
        "只追一个插座，不考虑上游/下游关系。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "section-13",
      "heading": "安全流程",
      "items": [
        "从安全红线开始：火花、焦味、发热、潮湿、破损则停止。",
        "外部检查：负载、GFCI、断路器、同回路其他点。",
        "需要打开盒体时，回到断电、上锁/标识、验电。",
        "记录读数和现象，按上游到下游逐步缩小范围。"
      ],
      "ordered": true
    },
    {
      "id": "quiz-1",
      "heading": "一排厨房插座没电，为什么先查 GFCI？",
      "paragraphs": [
        "因为下游插座可能受上游 GFCI 保护，跳闸后会一起没电。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "quiz-2",
      "heading": "出现焦味或发热时排查优先级是什么？",
      "paragraphs": [
        "停止使用、断电、保持安全并升级给合格/持证人员检查。"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "section-16",
      "heading": "回头看",
      "links": [
        {
          "title": "复习第 2 课：任何打开盒体前都要断电验电。",
          "url": "https://elect-learn.org/zh/lesson/02-deenergize-test-lockout/"
        },
        {
          "title": "复习第 7 课：GFCI/断路器跳闸代表线索。",
          "url": "https://elect-learn.org/zh/lesson/07-breakers-gfci-afci-panel/"
        },
        {
          "title": "复习第 11 课：排故是验证假设，不是试接。",
          "url": "https://elect-learn.org/zh/lesson/11-single-pole-switch-troubleshooting/"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "dateModified": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Elect Learn",
    "url": "https://elect-learn.org"
  },
  "review": {
    "status": "not-independently-reviewed",
    "statement": "尚无独立专业审校记录。参考来源不代表来源机构审校或认可本站。",
    "policyUrl": "https://elect-learn.org/zh/methodology/"
  }
}